Decreased Mdm2 expression inhibits tumor development and extends survival independent of Arf and dependent on p53.

Inactivation of the Arf-Mdm2-p53 tumor suppressor pathway is a necessary event for tumorigenesis.Arf controls Mdm2, which in turn regulates p53, but Arf and Mdm2 also have p53-independent functions that affect tumor development.Moreover, inhibition of oncogene-induced tumorigenesis relies on Arf and p53, but the requirements of Arf and p53 in tumor

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Isolation-by-distance and outbreeding depression are sufficient to drive parapatric speciation in the absence of environmental influences.

A commonly held view in evolutionary biology is that speciation (the emergence of genetically distinct and reproductively incompatible subpopulations) is driven by external environmental constraints, such as localized barriers to dispersal or habitat-based variation in selection pressures.We have developed a spatially explicit model of a biological

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